ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

environmental chemistry

Defination of environmental chemistry is "The branch of chemistry which deals with sources, reactions , transportation and effects of pollutants on the environment is called environmental chemistry". This branch is inter related with biology, physics, medicine, agriculture, public health and sanitary engineering etc,.

 Components of the Environment:

     the environment consists of four compounds

(1) - Atmosphere

(2) - Hydrosphere

(3) - Lithosphere

(4) - Biosphere

(1) - Atmosphere: 

atmosphere

     Defination of Atmosphere is " The layer of gases which surrounds our earth is called atmosphere". It consists of various gases (78% Nitrogen, 21%oxygen, 0.9%Argon, 0.3% carbon dioxide and trace amounts of hydrogen,methane,ozone,helium,neon,carbon monoxide, and water vapours etc,.). The thickness of atmosphere is about 1000km. The gases in our atmosphere are essential for life. For example oxygen is used for breathing, carbon dioxide is used in plant photosynthesis and nitrogen is used by nitrogen bacteria. Moreover ozone layer in the atmosphere filters (absorbs) cosmic rays and other harmful radiations coming from the sun.

(2) - Hydrosphere:

hydrosphere

     Defination od Hydrosphere is "The part of our earth which consists of all water resources is called hydrosphere". It consists of oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, glaciers, polar ice caps and under ground water. The ocean contains 97% of earth's water, glaciers and polar ice caps contain 2% of earth's water. Only 1% water is available as fresh water (river, lakes, stream and ground water). The fresh water is used in agriculture 

69%, industry 23% and 8% for domestic purposes. In oceans water is less heavy or lighter and therefore tends to move up toward the surface, while chillier water is more heavy or bulkier and therefore has a tendency to sink toward the base

(3) - Lithosphere:

lithosphere

 

     Defination of Lithosphere is  "The part of our earth which consists of rigid rocks is called lithosphere". The 99.5% of lithosphere is made of 11 elements. They are O2 (46.60%), Si (27.72%), Al(8.13%), Fe(5%), Ca(3.63%), Na(2.83%), K(2.59%), Mg(2.09%) and H2, P, Ti (less than 1%). The trace elements are C, Cl, Cr, F, Ni, Sr etc,. All these elements occur in form of minerals.This brown crust area is inorganic and is consisting of nutrients. It involves the entire surface of the world from the top of Install The tallest mountain to the end of the Mariana Trench.

(4) - Biosphere:

biosphere

 

     Defination of Biosphere is "The part of our earth which can support life is called biosphere". It consists of oceans, rivers, lakes, soil, animals, plants and human beings.Defination of Biosphere is "A smaller unit of biosphere which consists of community of organisms and their interaction with environment is echo system".The biosphere has progressed since the first single-celled creatures started 3.5 billion dollars decades ago under environmental circumstances similar to those of our nearby planet's Mars and Venus, which have environments consisting mainly of as well as dioxide

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THIS INFORMATION HAS TAKEN FROM THE BOOK OF ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ABDUL GHAFFAR